From 0b158b38b7da025742795afbedd79726a64764a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Boof2015 <75185879+Boof2015@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Mar 2026 05:05:50 -0400
Subject: [PATCH] initial commit to fix mem leak

---
 native/src/main.cpp                           |  46 +++++
 src/main/index.ts                             |  59 ++++---
 .../audio/NativeVisualizerTransport.ts        |  20 ++-
 src/renderer/audio/native/index.ts            |  33 ++++
 src/renderer/audio/native/visualizer-dsp.d.ts |   5 +
 src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter.ts         |  80 ++++++---
 src/renderer/visualizers/Oscilloscope.ts      |  45 ++---
 src/renderer/visualizers/Spectrogram.ts       |   5 +-
 src/renderer/visualizers/SpectrumAnalyzer.ts  | 166 +++++++++++-------
 src/renderer/visualizers/Vectorscope.ts       | 135 ++++++++++----
 src/renderer/visualizers/Waveform.ts          |  16 +-
 src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter.ts | 138 ++++++++++-----
 test/renderer-helpers.test.ts                 | 134 +++++++++++++-
 13 files changed, 653 insertions(+), 229 deletions(-)

diff --git a/native/src/main.cpp b/native/src/main.cpp
index 716abbc..acf5d7c 100644
--- a/native/src/main.cpp
+++ b/native/src/main.cpp
@@ -98,6 +98,19 @@ Napi::Value OscilloscopeGetSamples(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     return output;
 }
 
+Napi::Value OscilloscopeFillSamples(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
+    Napi::Env env = info.Env();
+    if (info.Length() < 2 || !info[0].IsNumber() || !info[1].IsTypedArray()) {
+        Napi::TypeError::New(env, "Expected startPos (float) and output Float32Array").ThrowAsJavaScriptException();
+        return env.Null();
+    }
+    float startPos = info[0].As<Napi::Number>().FloatValue();
+    Napi::Float32Array output = info[1].As<Napi::Float32Array>();
+    const size_t count = output.ElementLength();
+    oscilloscope.getSamplesInterpolated(output.Data(), startPos, count);
+    return Napi::Number::New(env, static_cast<double>(count));
+}
+
 Napi::Value OscilloscopeReset(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     oscilloscope.reset();
     return info.Env().Undefined();
@@ -158,6 +171,22 @@ Napi::Value SpectrumGetMagnitudes(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     return result;
 }
 
+Napi::Value SpectrumFillMagnitudes(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
+    Napi::Env env = info.Env();
+    if (info.Length() < 1 || !info[0].IsTypedArray()) {
+        Napi::TypeError::New(env, "Expected output Float32Array").ThrowAsJavaScriptException();
+        return env.Null();
+    }
+
+    Napi::Float32Array output = info[0].As<Napi::Float32Array>();
+    const auto& magnitudes = spectrum.getMagnitudes();
+    const size_t count = std::min(output.ElementLength(), magnitudes.size());
+    if (count > 0) {
+        memcpy(output.Data(), magnitudes.data(), count * sizeof(float));
+    }
+    return Napi::Number::New(env, static_cast<double>(count));
+}
+
 Napi::Value SpectrumProcess(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     Napi::Env env = info.Env();
     if (info.Length() < 1 || !info[0].IsTypedArray()) {
@@ -236,6 +265,20 @@ Napi::Value VectorscopeGetPoints(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     return result;
 }
 
+Napi::Value VectorscopeFillPoints(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
+    Napi::Env env = info.Env();
+    if (info.Length() < 2 || !info[0].IsTypedArray() || !info[1].IsTypedArray()) {
+        Napi::TypeError::New(env, "Expected output x/y Float32Arrays").ThrowAsJavaScriptException();
+        return env.Null();
+    }
+
+    Napi::Float32Array xArray = info[0].As<Napi::Float32Array>();
+    Napi::Float32Array yArray = info[1].As<Napi::Float32Array>();
+    const size_t maxPoints = std::min(xArray.ElementLength(), yArray.ElementLength());
+    const size_t actual = vectorscope.getPoints(xArray.Data(), yArray.Data(), maxPoints);
+    return Napi::Number::New(env, static_cast<double>(actual));
+}
+
 Napi::Value VectorscopeSetBufferSize(const Napi::CallbackInfo& info) {
     Napi::Env env = info.Env();
     if (info.Length() < 1 || !info[0].IsNumber()) {
@@ -289,6 +332,7 @@ Napi::Object Init(Napi::Env env, Napi::Object exports) {
     oscExports.Set("pushSamples", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopePushSamples));
     oscExports.Set("processContinuous", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopeProcessContinuous));
     oscExports.Set("getWritePos", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopeGetWritePos));
+    oscExports.Set("fillSamples", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopeFillSamples));
     oscExports.Set("getSamples", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopeGetSamples));
     oscExports.Set("reset", Napi::Function::New(env, OscilloscopeReset));
     exports.Set("oscilloscope", oscExports);
@@ -300,6 +344,7 @@ Napi::Object Init(Napi::Env env, Napi::Object exports) {
     specExports.Set("setSampleRate", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumSetSampleRate));
     specExports.Set("setSmoothing", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumSetSmoothing));
     specExports.Set("pushSamples", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumPushSamples));
+    specExports.Set("fillMagnitudes", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumFillMagnitudes));
     specExports.Set("getMagnitudes", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumGetMagnitudes));
     specExports.Set("process", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumProcess));
     specExports.Set("binToFrequency", Napi::Function::New(env, SpectrumBinToFrequency));
@@ -310,6 +355,7 @@ Napi::Object Init(Napi::Env env, Napi::Object exports) {
     Napi::Object vecExports = Napi::Object::New(env);
     vecExports.Set("setSampleRate", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopeSetSampleRate));
     vecExports.Set("pushSamples", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopePushSamples));
+    vecExports.Set("fillPoints", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopeFillPoints));
     vecExports.Set("getPoints", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopeGetPoints));
     vecExports.Set("setBufferSize", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopeSetBufferSize));
     vecExports.Set("getBufferSize", Napi::Function::New(env, VectorscopeGetBufferSize));
diff --git a/src/main/index.ts b/src/main/index.ts
index 96648be..c45876e 100644
--- a/src/main/index.ts
+++ b/src/main/index.ts
@@ -1219,35 +1219,48 @@ function setupIPC(): void {
 function setupShortcuts(): void {
   if (!mainWindow) return
 
-  const scopeKeys = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8']
-  scopeKeys.forEach((key) => {
-    mainWindow!.webContents.on('before-input-event', (_event, input) => {
-      if (input.type === 'keyDown' && input.key === key && !input.alt && !input.control && !input.meta && !input.shift) {
-        mainWindow?.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-scope', parseInt(key) - 1)
+  const shortcutWindow = mainWindow
+  const scopeKeys = new Map([
+    ['1', 0],
+    ['2', 1],
+    ['3', 2],
+    ['4', 3],
+    ['5', 4],
+    ['6', 5],
+    ['7', 6],
+    ['8', 7],
+  ])
+  const beforeInputHandler = (_event: Electron.Event, input: Electron.Input) => {
+    if (input.type !== 'keyDown') {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (!input.alt && !input.control && !input.meta && !input.shift) {
+      const scopeIndex = scopeKeys.get(input.key)
+      if (scopeIndex !== undefined) {
+        shortcutWindow.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-scope', scopeIndex)
+        return
       }
-    })
-  })
 
-  mainWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', (_event, input) => {
-    if (input.type === 'keyDown' && input.key === 't' && !input.alt && !input.control && !input.meta && !input.shift) {
-      const current = mainWindow!.isAlwaysOnTop()
-      const next = !current
-      setAllWindowsAlwaysOnTop(next)
-      mainWindow!.webContents.send('window:always-on-top-changed', next)
-    }
-  })
+      if (input.key === 't') {
+        const next = !shortcutWindow.isAlwaysOnTop()
+        setAllWindowsAlwaysOnTop(next)
+        shortcutWindow.webContents.send('window:always-on-top-changed', next)
+        return
+      }
 
-  mainWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', (_event, input) => {
-    if (input.type === 'keyDown' && input.key === ' ' && !input.alt && !input.control && !input.meta && !input.shift) {
-      mainWindow?.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-capture')
+      if (input.key === ' ') {
+        shortcutWindow.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-capture')
+        return
+      }
     }
-  })
 
-  mainWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', (_event, input) => {
-    if (input.type === 'keyDown' && input.key === ',' && input.meta && !input.alt && !input.control && !input.shift) {
-      mainWindow?.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-settings')
+    if (input.key === ',' && input.meta && !input.alt && !input.control && !input.shift) {
+      shortcutWindow.webContents.send('shortcut:toggle-settings')
     }
-  })
+  }
+
+  shortcutWindow.webContents.on('before-input-event', beforeInputHandler)
 }
 
 const hasSingleInstanceLock = app.requestSingleInstanceLock()
diff --git a/src/renderer/audio/NativeVisualizerTransport.ts b/src/renderer/audio/NativeVisualizerTransport.ts
index 32a85fd..77311f5 100644
--- a/src/renderer/audio/NativeVisualizerTransport.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/audio/NativeVisualizerTransport.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ export interface NativeVisualizerTransportBridge {
   spectrum: {
     setSampleRate: (sampleRate: number) => void
     pushSamples: (samples: Float32Array) => void
-    getMagnitudes: () => Float32Array | null
+    fillMagnitudes: (output: Float32Array) => number
     reset: () => void
   }
   vectorscope: {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ const defaultBridge: NativeVisualizerTransportBridge = {
   spectrum: {
     setSampleRate: (sampleRate) => spectrum.setSampleRate(sampleRate),
     pushSamples: (samples) => spectrum.pushSamples(samples),
-    getMagnitudes: () => spectrum.getMagnitudes(),
+    fillMagnitudes: (output) => spectrum.fillMagnitudes(output),
     reset: () => spectrum.reset(),
   },
   vectorscope: {
@@ -82,11 +82,19 @@ export class NativeVisualizerTransport {
   private sampleRate = 48000
   private capturing = false
   private hasSpectrumData = false
+  private spectrumMonoScratch = new Float32Array(0)
 
   constructor(bridge: NativeVisualizerTransportBridge = defaultBridge) {
     this.bridge = bridge
   }
 
+  private ensureSpectrumMonoScratch(length: number): Float32Array {
+    if (this.spectrumMonoScratch.length !== length) {
+      this.spectrumMonoScratch = new Float32Array(length)
+    }
+    return this.spectrumMonoScratch
+  }
+
   setDemand(demand: VisualizerConsumerDemand): void {
     const nextDemand = normalizeDemand(demand)
     if (
@@ -159,7 +167,7 @@ export class NativeVisualizerTransport {
     }
 
     if (this.demand.spectrum) {
-      const mono = new Float32Array(length)
+      const mono = this.ensureSpectrumMonoScratch(length)
       for (let index = 0; index < length; index += 1) {
         mono[index] = (leftSamples[index] + rightSamples[index]) * 0.5
       }
@@ -197,12 +205,12 @@ export class NativeVisualizerTransport {
     }
   }
 
-  getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(): Float32Array | null {
+  fillLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(output: Float32Array): number {
     if (!this.bridge.isAvailable() || !this.demand.spectrum || !this.hasSpectrumData) {
-      return null
+      return 0
     }
 
-    return this.bridge.spectrum.getMagnitudes()
+    return this.bridge.spectrum.fillMagnitudes(output)
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/audio/native/index.ts b/src/renderer/audio/native/index.ts
index a5f06ca..27acfa2 100644
--- a/src/renderer/audio/native/index.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/audio/native/index.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,18 @@ export const oscilloscope = {
     return nativeModule?.oscilloscope.getWritePos() ?? 0
   },
 
+  fillSamples: (startPos: number, output: Float32Array): number => {
+    if (!nativeModule) return 0
+    // `visualizerAPI` crosses Electron's context bridge, so mutating a renderer-owned
+    // typed array in preload/native does not write back into the caller's buffer.
+    const samples = nativeModule.oscilloscope.getSamples(startPos, output.length)
+    const count = Math.min(output.length, samples.length)
+    if (count > 0) {
+      output.set(samples.subarray(0, count), 0)
+    }
+    return count
+  },
+
   // Get samples from circular buffer for rendering
   getSamples: (startPos: number, count: number): Float32Array | null => {
     if (!nativeModule) return null
@@ -97,6 +109,16 @@ export const spectrum = {
     nativeModule?.spectrum.pushSamples(audioData)
   },
 
+  fillMagnitudes: (output: Float32Array): number => {
+    if (!nativeModule) return 0
+    const magnitudes = nativeModule.spectrum.getMagnitudes()
+    const count = Math.min(output.length, magnitudes.length)
+    if (count > 0) {
+      output.set(magnitudes.subarray(0, count), 0)
+    }
+    return count
+  },
+
   getMagnitudes: (): Float32Array | null => {
     if (!nativeModule) return null
     return nativeModule.spectrum.getMagnitudes()
@@ -125,6 +147,17 @@ export const vectorscope = {
     nativeModule?.vectorscope.pushSamples(leftChannel, rightChannel)
   },
 
+  fillPoints: (xOut: Float32Array, yOut: Float32Array): number => {
+    if (!nativeModule) return 0
+    const result = nativeModule.vectorscope.getPoints(Math.min(xOut.length, yOut.length))
+    const count = Math.min(xOut.length, yOut.length, result.count, result.x.length, result.y.length)
+    if (count > 0) {
+      xOut.set(result.x.subarray(0, count), 0)
+      yOut.set(result.y.subarray(0, count), 0)
+    }
+    return count
+  },
+
   getPoints: (maxPoints: number): VectorscopePointsResult | null => {
     if (!nativeModule) return null
     return nativeModule.vectorscope.getPoints(maxPoints)
diff --git a/src/renderer/audio/native/visualizer-dsp.d.ts b/src/renderer/audio/native/visualizer-dsp.d.ts
index 3a4380b..90d7ace 100644
--- a/src/renderer/audio/native/visualizer-dsp.d.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/audio/native/visualizer-dsp.d.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ export interface OscilloscopeModule {
   // Get current write position in circular buffer
   getWritePos(): number;
 
+  // Fill a caller-owned buffer with rendered samples, returning the number written.
+  fillSamples(startPos: number, output: Float32Array): number;
+
   // Get samples from circular buffer for rendering
   getSamples(startPos: number, count: number): Float32Array;
 
@@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ export interface SpectrumModule {
   setSampleRate(sampleRate: number): void;
   setSmoothing(smoothing: number): void;
   pushSamples(audioData: Float32Array): void;
+  fillMagnitudes(output: Float32Array): number;
   getMagnitudes(): Float32Array;
   process(audioData: Float32Array): Float32Array;
   binToFrequency(bin: number): number;
@@ -59,6 +63,7 @@ export interface SpectrumModule {
 export interface VectorscopeModule {
   setSampleRate(sampleRate: number): void;
   pushSamples(leftChannel: Float32Array, rightChannel: Float32Array): void;
+  fillPoints(xOut: Float32Array, yOut: Float32Array): number;
   getPoints(maxPoints: number): VectorscopePointsResult;
   setBufferSize(size: number): void;
   getBufferSize(): number;
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter.ts
index 3ead42c..aa03f80 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,12 @@ const ABSOLUTE_GATE_LUFS = -70
 const RELATIVE_GATE_OFFSET = -10
 const TARGET_LUFS = -14
 const SMOOTHING = 0.7
+const INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MIN_LUFS = ABSOLUTE_GATE_LUFS
+const INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MAX_LUFS = 10
+const INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_WIDTH = 0.1
+const INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_COUNT = Math.round(
+  (INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MAX_LUFS - INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MIN_LUFS) / INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_WIDTH
+) + 1
 
 // ---- K-weighting filter coefficients (ITU-R BS.1770) ----
 
@@ -107,6 +113,15 @@ function applyBiquad(coeffs: BiquadCoeffs, state: BiquadState, input: number): n
   return output
 }
 
+function histogramIndexFromLufs(lufs: number): number {
+  const normalized = (lufs - INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MIN_LUFS) / INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_WIDTH
+  return Math.max(0, Math.min(INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_COUNT - 1, Math.round(normalized)))
+}
+
+function histogramLufsAtIndex(index: number): number {
+  return INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_MIN_LUFS + (index * INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_WIDTH)
+}
+
 // ---- LUFS Meter class ----
 
 export class LUFSMeter {
@@ -135,7 +150,8 @@ export class LUFSMeter {
   private integratedBlockSumR = 0
   private integratedBlockSamples = 0
   private integratedHopCounter = 0
-  private integratedBlockLoudness: number[] = []  // LUFS per block
+  private integratedHistogramCounts = new Uint32Array(INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_COUNT)
+  private integratedHistogramPowerSums = new Float64Array(INTEGRATED_HISTOGRAM_BIN_COUNT)
 
   // Smoothed display values
   private momentaryLUFS = METER_MIN_LUFS
@@ -193,7 +209,8 @@ export class LUFSMeter {
     this.integratedBlockSumR = 0
     this.integratedBlockSamples = 0
     this.integratedHopCounter = 0
-    this.integratedBlockLoudness = []
+    this.integratedHistogramCounts.fill(0)
+    this.integratedHistogramPowerSums.fill(0)
     this.preFilterL = createBiquadState()
     this.preFilterR = createBiquadState()
     this.rlbFilterL = createBiquadState()
@@ -281,8 +298,13 @@ export class LUFSMeter {
           if (this.integratedHopCounter >= hopSamples && this.integratedBlockSamples >= blockSamples) {
             const meanSqL = this.integratedBlockSumL / this.integratedBlockSamples
             const meanSqR = this.integratedBlockSumR / this.integratedBlockSamples
-            const blockLUFS = -0.691 + 10 * Math.log10(Math.max(meanSqL + meanSqR, 1e-10))
-            this.integratedBlockLoudness.push(blockLUFS)
+            const blockPower = Math.max(meanSqL + meanSqR, 1e-10)
+            const blockLUFS = -0.691 + 10 * Math.log10(blockPower)
+            if (blockLUFS > ABSOLUTE_GATE_LUFS) {
+              const histogramIndex = histogramIndexFromLufs(blockLUFS)
+              this.integratedHistogramCounts[histogramIndex] += 1
+              this.integratedHistogramPowerSums[histogramIndex] += blockPower
+            }
 
             // Slide the block window: remove oldest hop worth of samples
             // Approximate by keeping a running sum and subtracting the hop fraction
@@ -336,27 +358,41 @@ export class LUFSMeter {
   }
 
   private computeGatedIntegratedLoudness(): number {
-    const blocks = this.integratedBlockLoudness
-    if (blocks.length === 0) return METER_MIN_LUFS
+    let absoluteCount = 0
+    let absolutePowerSum = 0
+    for (let index = 0; index < this.integratedHistogramCounts.length; index += 1) {
+      const count = this.integratedHistogramCounts[index]
+      if (count === 0) {
+        continue
+      }
+      absoluteCount += count
+      absolutePowerSum += this.integratedHistogramPowerSums[index]
+    }
+    if (absoluteCount === 0 || absolutePowerSum <= 0) {
+      return METER_MIN_LUFS
+    }
 
-    // Absolute gate: remove blocks below -70 LUFS
-    const afterAbsolute = blocks.filter(l => l > ABSOLUTE_GATE_LUFS)
-    if (afterAbsolute.length === 0) return METER_MIN_LUFS
-
-    // Compute mean of blocks passing absolute gate
-    let sum = 0
-    for (const l of afterAbsolute) sum += Math.pow(10, l / 10)
-    const ungatedMean = 10 * Math.log10(sum / afterAbsolute.length)
-
-    // Relative gate: remove blocks below (ungatedMean - 10) LUFS
+    const ungatedMean = -0.691 + 10 * Math.log10(absolutePowerSum / absoluteCount)
     const relativeThreshold = ungatedMean + RELATIVE_GATE_OFFSET
-    const afterRelative = afterAbsolute.filter(l => l > relativeThreshold)
-    if (afterRelative.length === 0) return METER_MIN_LUFS
 
-    // Final integrated loudness
-    let finalSum = 0
-    for (const l of afterRelative) finalSum += Math.pow(10, l / 10)
-    return Math.max(METER_MIN_LUFS, 10 * Math.log10(finalSum / afterRelative.length))
+    let relativeCount = 0
+    let relativePowerSum = 0
+    for (let index = 0; index < this.integratedHistogramCounts.length; index += 1) {
+      const count = this.integratedHistogramCounts[index]
+      if (count === 0) {
+        continue
+      }
+      if (histogramLufsAtIndex(index) <= relativeThreshold) {
+        continue
+      }
+      relativeCount += count
+      relativePowerSum += this.integratedHistogramPowerSums[index]
+    }
+    if (relativeCount === 0 || relativePowerSum <= 0) {
+      return METER_MIN_LUFS
+    }
+
+    return Math.max(METER_MIN_LUFS, -0.691 + 10 * Math.log10(relativePowerSum / relativeCount))
   }
 
   private drawFrame = (): void => {
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/Oscilloscope.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/Oscilloscope.ts
index 4560e4e..767a511 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/Oscilloscope.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/Oscilloscope.ts
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ export class Oscilloscope {
   private staticLayerCanvas: HTMLCanvasElement
   private staticLayerCtx: CanvasRenderingContext2D
   private staticLayerKey = ''
+  private renderBuffer = new Float32Array(0)
   private static readonly WARMUP_SAMPLES = 4096
 
   constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options: OscilloscopeOptions = {}) {
@@ -176,6 +177,13 @@ export class Oscilloscope {
     this.invalidate()
   }
 
+  private ensureRenderBuffer(size: number): Float32Array {
+    if (this.renderBuffer.length !== size) {
+      this.renderBuffer = new Float32Array(size)
+    }
+    return this.renderBuffer
+  }
+
   private drawFrame = (): void => {
     const { canvas, ctx, options } = this
     const width = canvas.width
@@ -224,34 +232,25 @@ export class Oscilloscope {
       while (triggerIndex < 0) triggerIndex += OSCILLOSCOPE_BUFFER_SIZE
     }
 
-    const renderData = nativeOscilloscope.getSamples(Math.floor(triggerIndex), samplesToShow)
-    if (!renderData || renderData.length === 0) {
+    const renderData = this.ensureRenderBuffer(samplesToShow)
+    const sampleCount = nativeOscilloscope.fillSamples(triggerIndex, renderData)
+    if (sampleCount < 2) {
       return
     }
 
-    const sliceWidth = width / samplesToShow
+    const sliceWidth = width / sampleCount
     const centerY = height / 2
     const visualGain = 1.8
-    const points: Array<{ x: number; y: number }> = []
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < samplesToShow && i < renderData.length; i++) {
-      const sample = renderData[i]
-      const y = ((1 - sample * visualGain) / 2) * height
-      const x = i * sliceWidth
-      points.push({ x, y })
-    }
-
-    if (points.length < 2) {
-      return
-    }
 
     if (options.underfillEnabled) {
       ctx.beginPath()
-      ctx.moveTo(points[0].x, centerY)
-      for (const point of points) {
-        ctx.lineTo(point.x, point.y)
+      ctx.moveTo(0, centerY)
+      for (let i = 0; i < sampleCount; i += 1) {
+        const x = i * sliceWidth
+        const y = ((1 - renderData[i] * visualGain) / 2) * height
+        ctx.lineTo(x, y)
       }
-      ctx.lineTo(points[points.length - 1].x, centerY)
+      ctx.lineTo((sampleCount - 1) * sliceWidth, centerY)
       ctx.closePath()
       const peakAlpha = 0.28
       const shoulderAlpha = peakAlpha * 0.74
@@ -273,9 +272,11 @@ export class Oscilloscope {
     ctx.lineCap = 'round'
     ctx.lineJoin = 'round'
     ctx.beginPath()
-    ctx.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y)
-    for (let i = 1; i < points.length; i++) {
-      ctx.lineTo(points[i].x, points[i].y)
+    ctx.moveTo(0, ((1 - renderData[0] * visualGain) / 2) * height)
+    for (let i = 1; i < sampleCount; i += 1) {
+      const x = i * sliceWidth
+      const y = ((1 - renderData[i] * visualGain) / 2) * height
+      ctx.lineTo(x, y)
     }
     ctx.stroke()
   }
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/Spectrogram.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/Spectrogram.ts
index 3a38780..f089c6e 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/Spectrogram.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/Spectrogram.ts
@@ -299,6 +299,7 @@ export class Spectrogram {
 
   private fftRe: Float32Array
   private fftIm: Float32Array
+  private fftMagnitudes: Float32Array
   private sampleBuffer: Float32Array
   private sampleBufferPos = 0
 
@@ -342,6 +343,7 @@ export class Spectrogram {
     const paddedSize = windowSize * FFT_PAD_FACTOR
     this.fftRe = new Float32Array(paddedSize)
     this.fftIm = new Float32Array(paddedSize)
+    this.fftMagnitudes = new Float32Array(paddedSize / 2)
     this.sampleBuffer = new Float32Array(windowSize)
 
     this.waterfallCanvas = document.createElement('canvas')
@@ -389,6 +391,7 @@ export class Spectrogram {
       const paddedSize = windowSize * FFT_PAD_FACTOR
       this.fftRe = new Float32Array(paddedSize)
       this.fftIm = new Float32Array(paddedSize)
+      this.fftMagnitudes = new Float32Array(paddedSize / 2)
       this.sampleBuffer = new Float32Array(windowSize)
       this.sampleBufferPos = 0
       this.lastFftSize = 0
@@ -533,7 +536,7 @@ export class Spectrogram {
     fft(this.fftRe, this.fftIm)
 
     const numBins = paddedSize / 2
-    const magnitudes = new Float32Array(numBins)
+    const magnitudes = this.fftMagnitudes
     const scale = 2 / windowSize  // normalize by window size, not padded size
 
     for (let index = 0; index < numBins; index += 1) {
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/SpectrumAnalyzer.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/SpectrumAnalyzer.ts
index 3f35f76..bb9b5b1 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/SpectrumAnalyzer.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/SpectrumAnalyzer.ts
@@ -16,12 +16,6 @@ type SpectrumStereoChunk = {
   right: Float32Array
 }
 
-type SpectrumPoint = {
-  x: number
-  y: number
-  heatmapIntensity: number
-}
-
 export interface SpectrumAnalyzerDataSource extends VisualizerSessionSource {
   getPendingSpectrumSamples: () => Float32Array[]
   getPendingSpectrumStereoSamples: () => SpectrumStereoChunk[]
@@ -249,6 +243,12 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
   private jsFftIm = new Float32Array(defaultOptions.fftSize)
   private jsBufferedSamples = 0
   private jsHasSpectrumData = false
+  private nativeMagnitudeBuffer = new Float32Array(0)
+  private primaryPointX = new Float32Array(0)
+  private primaryPointY = new Float32Array(0)
+  private primaryPointHeatmap = new Float32Array(0)
+  private secondaryPointX = new Float32Array(0)
+  private secondaryPointY = new Float32Array(0)
 
   constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options: SpectrumAnalyzerOptions = {}) {
     this.canvas = canvas
@@ -476,23 +476,30 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
     return db + tiltDbPerOctave * octaves
   }
 
-  private mergePendingSpectrumChunks(pendingSpectrum: Float32Array[]): Float32Array | null {
-    if (pendingSpectrum.length === 0) return null
-    if (pendingSpectrum.length === 1) return pendingSpectrum[0]
-
-    let totalLength = 0
-    for (const chunk of pendingSpectrum) {
-      totalLength += chunk.length
+  private ensureNativeMagnitudeBuffer(): Float32Array {
+    const length = Math.max(1, Math.floor(this.options.fftSize / 2))
+    if (this.nativeMagnitudeBuffer.length !== length) {
+      this.nativeMagnitudeBuffer = new Float32Array(length)
     }
+    return this.nativeMagnitudeBuffer
+  }
 
-    const monoData = new Float32Array(totalLength)
-    let offset = 0
-    for (const chunk of pendingSpectrum) {
-      monoData.set(chunk, offset)
-      offset += chunk.length
+  private ensurePointBuffers(pointCount: number): void {
+    if (this.primaryPointX.length !== pointCount) {
+      this.primaryPointX = new Float32Array(pointCount)
+      this.primaryPointY = new Float32Array(pointCount)
+      this.primaryPointHeatmap = new Float32Array(pointCount)
+      this.secondaryPointX = new Float32Array(pointCount)
+      this.secondaryPointY = new Float32Array(pointCount)
     }
+  }
 
-    return monoData
+  private pushPendingSpectrumChunks(pendingSpectrum: Float32Array[]): void {
+    for (const chunk of pendingSpectrum) {
+      if (chunk.length > 0) {
+        nativeSpectrum.pushSamples(chunk)
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   private clearPendingSpectrumQueues(): void {
@@ -578,17 +585,23 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
     this.jsHasSpectrumData = true
   }
 
-  private buildSpectrumPoints(
+  private fillSpectrumPoints(
     frequencyData: Float32Array,
+    dataLength: number,
     width: number,
     height: number,
     minFrequency: number,
     maxFrequency: number,
     nyquist: number,
-  ): SpectrumPoint[] {
-    const bufferLength = frequencyData.length
+    xOut: Float32Array,
+    yOut: Float32Array,
+    heatmapIntensityOut: Float32Array | null,
+  ): number {
+    const bufferLength = Math.min(dataLength, frequencyData.length)
+    if (bufferLength <= 0) {
+      return 0
+    }
     const binWidth = nyquist / bufferLength
-    const points: SpectrumPoint[] = []
     const numPoints = Math.max(2, Math.floor(width))
 
     for (let index = 0; index < numPoints; index += 1) {
@@ -612,28 +625,28 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
       const normalized = (db - this.options.minDecibels) / (this.options.maxDecibels - this.options.minDecibels)
       const heatmapNormalized = (heatmapDb - this.options.minDecibels) / (this.options.maxDecibels - this.options.minDecibels)
 
-      points.push({
-        x,
-        y: height - Math.max(0, Math.min(1, normalized)) * height,
-        heatmapIntensity: Math.pow(Math.max(0, Math.min(1, heatmapNormalized)), HEATMAP_GAMMA),
-      })
+      xOut[index] = x
+      yOut[index] = height - Math.max(0, Math.min(1, normalized)) * height
+      if (heatmapIntensityOut) {
+        heatmapIntensityOut[index] = Math.pow(Math.max(0, Math.min(1, heatmapNormalized)), HEATMAP_GAMMA)
+      }
     }
 
-    return points
+    return numPoints
   }
 
-  private renderHeatmap(points: SpectrumPoint[], width: number, height: number): void {
-    for (let index = 0; index < points.length; index += 1) {
-      const x = Math.floor(points[index].x)
-      const y = points[index].y
-      const nextX = index < points.length - 1 ? Math.floor(points[index + 1].x) : width
+  private renderHeatmap(xPoints: Float32Array, yPoints: Float32Array, heatmapIntensity: Float32Array, pointCount: number, width: number, height: number): void {
+    for (let index = 0; index < pointCount; index += 1) {
+      const x = Math.floor(xPoints[index])
+      const y = yPoints[index]
+      const nextX = index < pointCount - 1 ? Math.floor(xPoints[index + 1]) : width
       const columnWidth = Math.max(1, nextX - x)
       const fillHeight = height - y
       if (fillHeight <= 0) {
         continue
       }
 
-      const lutIndex = Math.round(points[index].heatmapIntensity * 255)
+      const lutIndex = Math.round(heatmapIntensity[index] * 255)
       const r = this.heatLut[lutIndex * 3]
       const g = this.heatLut[lutIndex * 3 + 1]
       const b = this.heatLut[lutIndex * 3 + 2]
@@ -643,12 +656,12 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
     }
   }
 
-  private renderGradientFill(points: SpectrumPoint[], width: number, height: number): void {
+  private renderGradientFill(xPoints: Float32Array, yPoints: Float32Array, pointCount: number, width: number, height: number): void {
     this.ctx.beginPath()
-    this.ctx.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y)
+    this.ctx.moveTo(xPoints[0], yPoints[0])
 
-    for (let index = 1; index < points.length; index += 1) {
-      this.ctx.lineTo(points[index].x, points[index].y)
+    for (let index = 1; index < pointCount; index += 1) {
+      this.ctx.lineTo(xPoints[index], yPoints[index])
     }
 
     this.ctx.lineTo(width, height)
@@ -665,15 +678,15 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
     this.ctx.fill()
   }
 
-  private renderStroke(points: SpectrumPoint[], color: string, lineWidth: number): void {
-    if (points.length === 0) {
+  private renderStroke(xPoints: Float32Array, yPoints: Float32Array, pointCount: number, color: string, lineWidth: number): void {
+    if (pointCount === 0) {
       return
     }
 
     this.ctx.beginPath()
-    this.ctx.moveTo(points[0].x, points[0].y)
-    for (let index = 1; index < points.length; index += 1) {
-      this.ctx.lineTo(points[index].x, points[index].y)
+    this.ctx.moveTo(xPoints[0], yPoints[0])
+    for (let index = 1; index < pointCount; index += 1) {
+      this.ctx.lineTo(xPoints[index], yPoints[index])
     }
 
     this.ctx.lineWidth = lineWidth
@@ -710,11 +723,15 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
 
     let primaryData: Float32Array | null = null
     let secondaryData: Float32Array | null = null
+    let primaryDataLength = 0
+    let secondaryDataLength = 0
 
     if (options.showSideLine) {
       this.processJsSpectrumChunks(this.dataSource.getPendingSpectrumStereoSamples())
       primaryData = this.jsHasSpectrumData ? this.jsMidMagnitudes : null
       secondaryData = this.jsHasSpectrumData ? this.jsSideMagnitudes : null
+      primaryDataLength = primaryData?.length ?? 0
+      secondaryDataLength = secondaryData?.length ?? 0
     } else {
       if (!isNativeAvailable()) {
         console.error('SpectrumAnalyzer: Native DSP required')
@@ -725,39 +742,62 @@ export class SpectrumAnalyzer {
       const nativeTransport = this.dataSource.getNativeVisualizerTransport?.() ?? null
       const pendingSpectrum = this.dataSource.getPendingSpectrumSamples()
       if (!nativeTransport) {
-        const monoData = this.mergePendingSpectrumChunks(pendingSpectrum)
-        if (monoData) {
-          nativeSpectrum.pushSamples(monoData)
-        }
+        this.pushPendingSpectrumChunks(pendingSpectrum)
       }
 
-      primaryData = nativeTransport
-        ? nativeTransport.getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes()
-        : nativeSpectrum.getMagnitudes()
+      const nativeMagnitudes = this.ensureNativeMagnitudeBuffer()
+      primaryData = nativeMagnitudes
+      primaryDataLength = nativeTransport
+        ? nativeTransport.fillLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(nativeMagnitudes)
+        : nativeSpectrum.fillMagnitudes(nativeMagnitudes)
     }
 
-    if (!primaryData || primaryData.length === 0) {
+    if (!primaryData || primaryDataLength === 0) {
       this.renderStaticLayer(minFrequency, maxFrequency)
       return
     }
 
-    const primaryPoints = this.buildSpectrumPoints(primaryData, width, height, minFrequency, maxFrequency, nyquist)
-    const secondaryPoints = secondaryData && secondaryData.length > 0
-      ? this.buildSpectrumPoints(secondaryData, width, height, minFrequency, maxFrequency, nyquist)
-      : null
+    const pointCount = Math.max(2, Math.floor(width))
+    this.ensurePointBuffers(pointCount)
+    const primaryPointCount = this.fillSpectrumPoints(
+      primaryData,
+      primaryDataLength,
+      width,
+      height,
+      minFrequency,
+      maxFrequency,
+      nyquist,
+      this.primaryPointX,
+      this.primaryPointY,
+      this.primaryPointHeatmap,
+    )
+    const secondaryPointCount = secondaryData && secondaryDataLength > 0
+      ? this.fillSpectrumPoints(
+        secondaryData,
+        secondaryDataLength,
+        width,
+        height,
+        minFrequency,
+        maxFrequency,
+        nyquist,
+        this.secondaryPointX,
+        this.secondaryPointY,
+        null,
+      )
+      : 0
 
     this.renderStaticLayer(minFrequency, maxFrequency)
 
-    if (options.heatmapFill && primaryPoints.length > 0) {
-      this.renderHeatmap(primaryPoints, width, height)
-    } else if (options.fillGradient && primaryPoints.length > 0) {
-      this.renderGradientFill(primaryPoints, width, height)
+    if (options.heatmapFill && primaryPointCount > 0) {
+      this.renderHeatmap(this.primaryPointX, this.primaryPointY, this.primaryPointHeatmap, primaryPointCount, width, height)
+    } else if (options.fillGradient && primaryPointCount > 0) {
+      this.renderGradientFill(this.primaryPointX, this.primaryPointY, primaryPointCount, width, height)
     }
 
-    this.renderStroke(primaryPoints, options.lineColor, options.lineWidth * dpr)
-    if (secondaryPoints && secondaryPoints.length > 0) {
+    this.renderStroke(this.primaryPointX, this.primaryPointY, primaryPointCount, options.lineColor, options.lineWidth * dpr)
+    if (secondaryPointCount > 0) {
       const secondaryLineWidth = Math.max(dpr, options.lineWidth * SIDE_LINE_WIDTH_RATIO * dpr)
-      this.renderStroke(secondaryPoints, options.secondaryLineColor, secondaryLineWidth)
+      this.renderStroke(this.secondaryPointX, this.secondaryPointY, secondaryPointCount, options.secondaryLineColor, secondaryLineWidth)
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/Vectorscope.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/Vectorscope.ts
index be8692a..0734458 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/Vectorscope.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/Vectorscope.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { audioRouter } from '../audio/AudioRouter'
 import { vectorscope as nativeVectorscope, isNativeAvailable } from '../audio/native'
-import { transformPoint, drawVectorscopeGridForMode, getVectorscopeLayout } from './vectorscopeGrids'
-import { MultibandSplitter, MultibandBuffer } from './multibandSplitter'
+import { drawVectorscopeGridForMode, getVectorscopeLayout } from './vectorscopeGrids'
+import { MultibandSplitter, MultibandBuffer, createMultibandChunk, type MultibandChunk } from './multibandSplitter'
 import { defaultVisualizerSessionSource, type VisualizerSessionSource } from './dataSource'
 import { FrameScheduler } from './frameScheduler'
 import { VisualizerFrameLoop } from './visualizerFrameLoop'
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ const defaultVectorscopeDataSource: VectorscopeDataSource = {
 }
 
 const BAND_ORDER = ['low', 'mid', 'high'] as const
+const INV_SQRT2 = 1 / Math.sqrt(2)
 
 export class Vectorscope {
   private canvas: HTMLCanvasElement
@@ -72,6 +73,10 @@ export class Vectorscope {
   private unsubscribeSessionChange: (() => void) | null = null
   private splitter: MultibandSplitter = new MultibandSplitter()
   private multibandBuffer: MultibandBuffer = new MultibandBuffer()
+  private multibandScratch: MultibandChunk = createMultibandChunk(0)
+  private multibandPointScratch: MultibandChunk = createMultibandChunk(0)
+  private nativePointX = new Float32Array(0)
+  private nativePointY = new Float32Array(0)
   private staticLayerKey = ''
 
   constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options: VectorscopeOptions = {}) {
@@ -217,9 +222,9 @@ export class Vectorscope {
         }
       }
 
-      const pointsResult = nativeVectorscope.getPoints(options.displayPoints)
-      if (pointsResult && pointsResult.count > 0) {
-        this.drawPoints(offscreenCtx, pointsResult.x, pointsResult.y, pointsResult.count, centerX, centerY, scale)
+      const count = this.fillNativePoints(options.displayPoints)
+      if (count > 0) {
+        this.drawPoints(offscreenCtx, this.nativePointX, this.nativePointY, count, centerX, centerY, scale)
       }
     } else {
       this.drawFallbackPoints(offscreenCtx, pendingSamples, centerX, centerY, scale)
@@ -295,12 +300,7 @@ export class Vectorscope {
       ctx.globalAlpha = alpha
 
       for (let i = startIdx; i < endIdx; i++) {
-        const point = transformPoint(y[i], x[i], mode)
-        if (!point) continue
-
-        const px = centerX + point.dx * scale
-        const py = centerY - point.dy * scale
-        ctx.fillRect(px - dotSize / 2, py - dotSize / 2, dotSize, dotSize)
+        this.drawProjectedDot(ctx, y[i], x[i], mode, centerX, centerY, scale, dotSize)
       }
     }
     ctx.globalAlpha = 1.0
@@ -325,12 +325,7 @@ export class Vectorscope {
 
     for (const chunk of pendingSamples) {
       for (let i = 0; i < chunk.left.length; i++) {
-        const point = transformPoint(chunk.left[i], chunk.right[i], mode)
-        if (!point) continue
-
-        const px = centerX + point.dx * scale
-        const py = centerY - point.dy * scale
-        ctx.fillRect(px - dotSize / 2, py - dotSize / 2, dotSize, dotSize)
+        this.drawProjectedDot(ctx, chunk.left[i], chunk.right[i], mode, centerX, centerY, scale, dotSize)
       }
     }
     ctx.globalAlpha = 1.0
@@ -353,48 +348,114 @@ export class Vectorscope {
       this.splitter.configure(sampleRate)
     }
 
-    if (isNativeAvailable()) {
-      for (const chunk of pendingSamples) {
-        nativeVectorscope.pushSamples(chunk.left, chunk.right)
-      }
-    }
-
     for (const chunk of pendingSamples) {
-      const bands = this.splitter.split(chunk.left, chunk.right)
-      this.multibandBuffer.push(bands)
+      const bands = this.ensureMultibandScratch(chunk.left.length, chunk.right.length)
+      const count = this.splitter.splitInto(chunk.left, chunk.right, bands)
+      this.multibandBuffer.push(bands, count)
     }
 
-    const result = this.multibandBuffer.getPoints(options.displayPoints)
-    if (result.count === 0) return
+    const result = this.ensureMultibandPointScratch(options.displayPoints)
+    const count = this.multibandBuffer.fillPointsInto(result, options.displayPoints)
+    if (count === 0) return
 
     const segments = 8
-    const pointsPerSegment = Math.ceil(result.count / segments)
+    const pointsPerSegment = Math.ceil(count / segments)
 
     for (let seg = 0; seg < segments; seg++) {
       const startIdx = seg * pointsPerSegment
-      const endIdx = Math.min((seg + 1) * pointsPerSegment, result.count)
-      if (startIdx >= result.count) break
+      const endIdx = Math.min((seg + 1) * pointsPerSegment, count)
+      if (startIdx >= count) break
 
       const alpha = 0.15 + 0.85 * (seg / Math.max(segments - 1, 1))
       ctx.globalAlpha = alpha
 
       for (const band of BAND_ORDER) {
-        const bandData = result.bands[band]
+        const bandData = result[band]
         ctx.fillStyle = options.bandColors[band]
 
         for (let i = startIdx; i < endIdx; i++) {
-          const point = transformPoint(bandData.left[i], bandData.right[i], mode)
-          if (!point) continue
-
-          const px = centerX + point.dx * scale
-          const py = centerY - point.dy * scale
-          ctx.fillRect(px - dotSize / 2, py - dotSize / 2, dotSize, dotSize)
+          this.drawProjectedDot(ctx, bandData.left[i], bandData.right[i], mode, centerX, centerY, scale, dotSize)
         }
       }
     }
     ctx.globalAlpha = 1.0
   }
 
+  private ensureNativePointBuffers(displayPoints: number): void {
+    if (this.nativePointX.length !== displayPoints) {
+      this.nativePointX = new Float32Array(displayPoints)
+      this.nativePointY = new Float32Array(displayPoints)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private fillNativePoints(displayPoints: number): number {
+    this.ensureNativePointBuffers(displayPoints)
+    return nativeVectorscope.fillPoints(this.nativePointX, this.nativePointY)
+  }
+
+  private ensureMultibandScratch(leftLength: number, rightLength: number): MultibandChunk {
+    const length = Math.min(leftLength, rightLength)
+    if (this.multibandScratch.low.left.length < length) {
+      this.multibandScratch = createMultibandChunk(length)
+    }
+    return this.multibandScratch
+  }
+
+  private ensureMultibandPointScratch(displayPoints: number): MultibandChunk {
+    if (this.multibandPointScratch.low.left.length !== displayPoints) {
+      this.multibandPointScratch = createMultibandChunk(displayPoints)
+    }
+    return this.multibandPointScratch
+  }
+
+  private drawProjectedDot(
+    ctx: CanvasRenderingContext2D,
+    left: number,
+    right: number,
+    mode: VectorscopeMode,
+    centerX: number,
+    centerY: number,
+    scale: number,
+    dotSize: number,
+  ): void {
+    let dx: number
+    let dy: number
+
+    if (mode === 'lissajous') {
+      dx = right
+      dy = left
+    } else {
+      const mid = (left + right) * INV_SQRT2
+      const side = (right - left) * INV_SQRT2
+      const isUnipolar = mode === 'polar-unipolar' || mode === 'linear-unipolar'
+      if (isUnipolar && mid < 0) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const isPolar = mode === 'polar-unipolar' || mode === 'polar-bipolar'
+      if (isPolar) {
+        const amplitudeSquared = (mid * mid) + (side * side)
+        if (amplitudeSquared < 1e-12) {
+          dx = 0
+          dy = 0
+        } else {
+          const amplitude = Math.sqrt(amplitudeSquared)
+          const scaledAmplitude = Math.pow(amplitude, 0.35)
+          const factor = scaledAmplitude / amplitude
+          dx = side * factor
+          dy = mid * factor
+        }
+      } else {
+        dx = side
+        dy = mid
+      }
+    }
+
+    const px = centerX + dx * scale
+    const py = centerY - dy * scale
+    ctx.fillRect(px - dotSize / 2, py - dotSize / 2, dotSize, dotSize)
+  }
+
   dispose(): void {
     this.stop()
     this.frameLoop.dispose()
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/Waveform.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/Waveform.ts
index 7c6692a..0a25b4a 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/Waveform.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/Waveform.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   clampWaveformScrollSpeed,
   type WaveformMode,
 } from '../../types/waveform'
-import { MultibandSplitter } from './multibandSplitter'
+import { MultibandSplitter, createMultibandChunk, type MultibandChunk } from './multibandSplitter'
 
 export interface WaveformStereoChunk {
   left: Float32Array
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ export class Waveform {
   private rightBandLowAcc: Float32Array = new Float32Array(0)
   private rightBandMidAcc: Float32Array = new Float32Array(0)
   private rightBandHighAcc: Float32Array = new Float32Array(0)
+  private multibandScratch: MultibandChunk = createMultibandChunk(0)
   private unsubscribeSessionChange: (() => void) | null = null
 
   constructor(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement, options: WaveformOptions = {}) {
@@ -458,7 +459,8 @@ export class Waveform {
     let midBand: Float32Array | null = null
     let highBand: Float32Array | null = null
     if (this.options.multiband) {
-      const bands = this.splitter.split(chunk, chunk)
+      const bands = this.ensureMultibandScratch(chunk.length)
+      this.splitter.splitInto(chunk, chunk, bands)
       lowBand = bands.low.left
       midBand = bands.mid.left
       highBand = bands.high.left
@@ -499,7 +501,8 @@ export class Waveform {
     let midRight: Float32Array | null = null
     let highRight: Float32Array | null = null
     if (this.options.multiband) {
-      const bands = this.splitter.split(leftSamples, rightSamples)
+      const bands = this.ensureMultibandScratch(length)
+      this.splitter.splitInto(leftSamples, rightSamples, bands)
       lowLeft = bands.low.left
       midLeft = bands.mid.left
       highLeft = bands.high.left
@@ -535,6 +538,13 @@ export class Waveform {
     }
   }
 
+  private ensureMultibandScratch(length: number): MultibandChunk {
+    if (this.multibandScratch.low.left.length < length) {
+      this.multibandScratch = createMultibandChunk(length)
+    }
+    return this.multibandScratch
+  }
+
   private drawFrame = (): void => {
     const width = this.canvas.width
     const height = this.canvas.height
diff --git a/src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter.ts b/src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter.ts
index c0059ae..dbc0e88 100644
--- a/src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter.ts
@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@ export interface MultibandChunk {
   high: { left: Float32Array; right: Float32Array }
 }
 
+export function createMultibandChunk(length: number): MultibandChunk {
+  return {
+    low: { left: new Float32Array(length), right: new Float32Array(length) },
+    mid: { left: new Float32Array(length), right: new Float32Array(length) },
+    high: { left: new Float32Array(length), right: new Float32Array(length) },
+  }
+}
+
 // ---------- Biquad filter ----------
 
 class BiquadFilter {
@@ -114,6 +122,15 @@ export class MultibandSplitter {
   private highHpR = new BiquadFilter()
 
   private configuredSampleRate = 0
+  private midTmpL = new Float32Array(0)
+  private midTmpR = new Float32Array(0)
+
+  private ensureScratch(size: number): void {
+    if (this.midTmpL.length !== size) {
+      this.midTmpL = new Float32Array(size)
+      this.midTmpR = new Float32Array(size)
+    }
+  }
 
   configure(sampleRate: number): void {
     if (sampleRate === this.configuredSampleRate) return
@@ -134,38 +151,42 @@ export class MultibandSplitter {
   }
 
   split(left: Float32Array, right: Float32Array): MultibandChunk {
-    const n = left.length
+    const target = createMultibandChunk(Math.min(left.length, right.length))
+    this.splitInto(left, right, target)
+    return target
+  }
 
-    const lowL = new Float32Array(n)
-    const lowR = new Float32Array(n)
-    const midL = new Float32Array(n)
-    const midR = new Float32Array(n)
-    const highL = new Float32Array(n)
-    const highR = new Float32Array(n)
-
-    // Temp buffers for mid band (highpass then lowpass)
-    const midTmpL = new Float32Array(n)
-    const midTmpR = new Float32Array(n)
-
-    // Low band
-    this.lowLpL.process(left, lowL)
-    this.lowLpR.process(right, lowR)
-
-    // Mid band (highpass → lowpass)
-    this.midHpL.process(left, midTmpL)
-    this.midHpR.process(right, midTmpR)
-    this.midLpL.process(midTmpL, midL)
-    this.midLpR.process(midTmpR, midR)
-
-    // High band
-    this.highHpL.process(left, highL)
-    this.highHpR.process(right, highR)
-
-    return {
-      low:  { left: lowL, right: lowR },
-      mid:  { left: midL, right: midR },
-      high: { left: highL, right: highR },
+  splitInto(left: Float32Array, right: Float32Array, target: MultibandChunk): number {
+    const n = Math.min(
+      left.length,
+      right.length,
+      target.low.left.length,
+      target.low.right.length,
+      target.mid.left.length,
+      target.mid.right.length,
+      target.high.left.length,
+      target.high.right.length,
+    )
+    if (n <= 0) {
+      return 0
     }
+
+    const leftInput = left.length === n ? left : left.subarray(0, n)
+    const rightInput = right.length === n ? right : right.subarray(0, n)
+    this.ensureScratch(n)
+
+    this.lowLpL.process(leftInput, target.low.left)
+    this.lowLpR.process(rightInput, target.low.right)
+
+    this.midHpL.process(leftInput, this.midTmpL)
+    this.midHpR.process(rightInput, this.midTmpR)
+    this.midLpL.process(this.midTmpL, target.mid.left)
+    this.midLpR.process(this.midTmpR, target.mid.right)
+
+    this.highHpL.process(leftInput, target.high.left)
+    this.highHpR.process(rightInput, target.high.right)
+
+    return n
   }
 
   reset(): void {
@@ -211,8 +232,16 @@ export class MultibandBuffer {
     }
   }
 
-  push(bands: MultibandChunk): void {
-    const n = bands.low.left.length
+  push(bands: MultibandChunk, count = bands.low.left.length): void {
+    const n = Math.min(
+      count,
+      bands.low.left.length,
+      bands.low.right.length,
+      bands.mid.left.length,
+      bands.mid.right.length,
+      bands.high.left.length,
+      bands.high.right.length,
+    )
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       const pos = this.writePos
       this.buffers.low.left[pos] = bands.low.left[i]
@@ -233,6 +262,34 @@ export class MultibandBuffer {
    * Returns the most recent `maxPoints` samples for each band,
    * ordered oldest-first (matching the native getPoints() convention).
    */
+  fillPointsInto(target: MultibandChunk, maxPoints: number): number {
+    const count = Math.min(
+      maxPoints,
+      this.validSamples,
+      target.low.left.length,
+      target.low.right.length,
+      target.mid.left.length,
+      target.mid.right.length,
+      target.high.left.length,
+      target.high.right.length,
+    )
+    if (count === 0) {
+      return 0
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      const idx = (this.writePos + this.capacity - count + i) % this.capacity
+      target.low.left[i] = this.buffers.low.left[idx]
+      target.low.right[i] = this.buffers.low.right[idx]
+      target.mid.left[i] = this.buffers.mid.left[idx]
+      target.mid.right[i] = this.buffers.mid.right[idx]
+      target.high.left[i] = this.buffers.high.left[idx]
+      target.high.right[i] = this.buffers.high.right[idx]
+    }
+
+    return count
+  }
+
   getPoints(maxPoints: number): {
     bands: Record<'low' | 'mid' | 'high', { left: Float32Array; right: Float32Array }>
     count: number
@@ -249,21 +306,8 @@ export class MultibandBuffer {
       }
     }
 
-    const out = {
-      low:  { left: new Float32Array(count), right: new Float32Array(count) },
-      mid:  { left: new Float32Array(count), right: new Float32Array(count) },
-      high: { left: new Float32Array(count), right: new Float32Array(count) },
-    }
-
-    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-      const idx = (this.writePos + this.capacity - count + i) % this.capacity
-      out.low.left[i] = this.buffers.low.left[idx]
-      out.low.right[i] = this.buffers.low.right[idx]
-      out.mid.left[i] = this.buffers.mid.left[idx]
-      out.mid.right[i] = this.buffers.mid.right[idx]
-      out.high.left[i] = this.buffers.high.left[idx]
-      out.high.right[i] = this.buffers.high.right[idx]
-    }
+    const out = createMultibandChunk(count)
+    this.fillPointsInto(out, count)
 
     return { bands: out, count }
   }
diff --git a/test/renderer-helpers.test.ts b/test/renderer-helpers.test.ts
index c897f1e..796f093 100644
--- a/test/renderer-helpers.test.ts
+++ b/test/renderer-helpers.test.ts
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@ import {
   NativeVisualizerTransport,
   type NativeVisualizerTransportBridge,
 } from '../src/renderer/audio/NativeVisualizerTransport'
+import { LUFSMeter } from '../src/renderer/visualizers/LUFSMeter'
+import {
+  MultibandBuffer,
+  MultibandSplitter,
+  createMultibandChunk,
+} from '../src/renderer/visualizers/multibandSplitter'
 import {
   DEFAULT_PROFILE_ID,
   DEFAULT_PROFILE_NAME,
@@ -373,7 +379,16 @@ function createFakeTransportBridge(): {
           calls.spectrumPushes.push(samples)
           latestSpectrumMagnitudes = new Float32Array([samples[0] ?? 0, samples[samples.length - 1] ?? 0])
         },
-        getMagnitudes: () => latestSpectrumMagnitudes,
+        fillMagnitudes: (output) => {
+          if (!latestSpectrumMagnitudes) {
+            return 0
+          }
+          const count = Math.min(output.length, latestSpectrumMagnitudes.length)
+          for (let index = 0; index < count; index += 1) {
+            output[index] = latestSpectrumMagnitudes[index]
+          }
+          return count
+        },
         reset: () => {
           calls.spectrumResets += 1
           latestSpectrumMagnitudes = null
@@ -395,6 +410,51 @@ function createFakeTransportBridge(): {
   }
 }
 
+function readSpectrumMagnitudes(transport: NativeVisualizerTransport, size = 8): number[] {
+  const output = new Float32Array(size)
+  const count = transport.fillLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(output)
+  return Array.from(output.subarray(0, count))
+}
+
+function createFakeCanvasContext(): CanvasRenderingContext2D {
+  return {
+    clearRect() {},
+    fillRect() {},
+    fillText() {},
+    beginPath() {},
+    moveTo() {},
+    lineTo() {},
+    stroke() {},
+    save() {},
+    restore() {},
+    translate() {},
+    rotate() {},
+    createLinearGradient() {
+      return {
+        addColorStop() {},
+      } as CanvasGradient
+    },
+    measureText() {
+      return { width: 0 } as TextMetrics
+    },
+    fillStyle: '',
+    strokeStyle: '',
+    lineWidth: 1,
+    font: '',
+    textAlign: 'left',
+    textBaseline: 'top',
+  } as unknown as CanvasRenderingContext2D
+}
+
+function createFakeCanvas(): HTMLCanvasElement {
+  const context = createFakeCanvasContext()
+  return {
+    width: 320,
+    height: 180,
+    getContext: (kind: string) => kind === '2d' ? context : null,
+  } as unknown as HTMLCanvasElement
+}
+
 test('parseColorToRgb handles hex, rgb, rgba, and percentage formats', () => {
   assert.deepEqual(parseColorToRgb('#38bdf8'), { r: 56, g: 189, b: 248 })
   assert.deepEqual(parseColorToRgb('#3bf'), { r: 51, g: 187, b: 255 })
@@ -1406,7 +1466,7 @@ test('NativeVisualizerTransport feeds native scope state from chunk arrival with
   assert.equal(calls.vectorscopePushes[0]?.left, left)
   assert.equal(calls.vectorscopePushes[0]?.right, right)
   assert.deepEqual(Array.from(calls.spectrumPushes[0]), [0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
-  assert.deepEqual(Array.from(transport.getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes() ?? []), [0.5, 0.5])
+  assert.deepEqual(readSpectrumMagnitudes(transport), [0.5, 0.5])
 })
 
 test('NativeVisualizerTransport resets cached state on session changes and sample-rate updates', () => {
@@ -1424,7 +1484,7 @@ test('NativeVisualizerTransport resets cached state on session changes and sampl
     sessionId: 7,
     channelCount: 2,
   })
-  assert.deepEqual(Array.from(transport.getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes() ?? []), [1, 1])
+  assert.deepEqual(readSpectrumMagnitudes(transport), [1, 1])
 
   transport.reset({
     sessionId: 8,
@@ -1439,7 +1499,7 @@ test('NativeVisualizerTransport resets cached state on session changes and sampl
   assert.equal(calls.oscilloscopeResets >= 2, true)
   assert.equal(calls.spectrumResets >= 2, true)
   assert.equal(calls.vectorscopeResets >= 2, true)
-  assert.equal(transport.getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(), null)
+  assert.equal(transport.fillLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(new Float32Array(4)), 0)
 })
 
 test('NativeVisualizerTransport stops feeding scopes when demand is removed', () => {
@@ -1467,7 +1527,71 @@ test('NativeVisualizerTransport stops feeding scopes when demand is removed', ()
 
   assert.equal(calls.spectrumPushes.length, 1)
   assert.equal(calls.spectrumResets >= 1, true)
-  assert.equal(transport.getLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(), null)
+  assert.equal(transport.fillLatestSpectrumMagnitudes(new Float32Array(4)), 0)
+})
+
+test('MultibandSplitter and MultibandBuffer reuse caller-owned buffers', () => {
+  const splitter = new MultibandSplitter()
+  splitter.configure(48000)
+
+  const splitTarget = createMultibandChunk(8)
+  const leftRef = splitTarget.low.left
+  const rightRef = splitTarget.high.right
+  const left = new Float32Array([1, 0.75, 0.25, -0.25, -0.75, -1, -0.5, 0.5])
+  const right = new Float32Array([0.5, 0.25, -0.5, -1, -0.5, 0.25, 0.75, 1])
+
+  const splitCount = splitter.splitInto(left, right, splitTarget)
+  assert.equal(splitCount, 8)
+  assert.equal(splitTarget.low.left, leftRef)
+  assert.equal(splitTarget.high.right, rightRef)
+
+  const buffer = new MultibandBuffer(16)
+  buffer.push(splitTarget, splitCount)
+
+  const pointTarget = createMultibandChunk(8)
+  const pointRef = pointTarget.mid.left
+  const pointCount = buffer.fillPointsInto(pointTarget, 8)
+  assert.equal(pointCount, 8)
+  assert.equal(pointTarget.mid.left, pointRef)
+  assert.notEqual(pointTarget.low.left[0], 0)
+})
+
+test('LUFSMeter keeps integrated history bounded over long runs', () => {
+  const chunkQueue: Array<{ left: Float32Array; right: Float32Array }> = []
+  const dataSource = {
+    getPendingLUFSMeterSamples: () => {
+      const drained = chunkQueue.slice()
+      chunkQueue.length = 0
+      return drained
+    },
+    getSampleRate: () => 48000,
+    isPlaying: () => true,
+    subscribeToSessionChanges: () => () => {},
+  }
+  const meter = new LUFSMeter(createFakeCanvas(), { dataSource })
+  const processAudio = (meter as unknown as { processAudio: () => void }).processAudio.bind(meter)
+  const leftChunk = new Float32Array(4800)
+  const rightChunk = new Float32Array(4800)
+  for (let index = 0; index < leftChunk.length; index += 1) {
+    const sample = index % 2 === 0 ? 0.35 : -0.35
+    leftChunk[index] = sample
+    rightChunk[index] = sample
+  }
+
+  for (let iteration = 0; iteration < 400; iteration += 1) {
+    chunkQueue.push({
+      left: leftChunk,
+      right: rightChunk,
+    })
+    processAudio()
+  }
+
+  const histogramCounts = (meter as unknown as { integratedHistogramCounts: Uint32Array }).integratedHistogramCounts
+  const storedBlocks = histogramCounts.reduce((total, count) => total + count, 0)
+  assert.equal(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(meter, 'integratedBlockLoudness'), false)
+  assert.equal(histogramCounts.length > 0, true)
+  assert.equal(storedBlocks > 100, true)
+  assert.equal(Number.isFinite((meter as unknown as { integratedLUFS: number }).integratedLUFS), true)
 })
 
 test('NativePolledCaptureBackend schedules immediate, backoff, and hidden-document polls and cancels on stop', async () => {